Kyphosis, more commonly known as hunchback, is a condition that causes exaggerated rounding up the upper spine. While some rounding of the back is a normal part of the aging process, rounding that exceeds 40 degrees is considered kyphosis. There are various types of kyphosis, each demonstrating slight differences in symptoms. In the most mild form, the spine may look relatively normal, while more aggressive forms cause the growth of a hump, severe problems with lung, nerve and organ function as well as severe pain.
Causes
Kyphosis most often occurs as the result of other developmental or degenerative problems. Various types of arthritis are the most common cause, such as osteoporosis and degenerative arthritis, which increase the risk of vertebral slipping and fracture that then cause abnormal rounding of the spine. Connective tissue problems, such as Marfan syndrome, can also lead to kyphosis, as the body's ability to maintain joints in their natural position decreases.
Spinal infection, such as tuberculosis, tumors that press on the spine, birth defects like spina bifida or conditions that lead to paralysis such as polio and cerebral palsy can also lead to kyphosis.
Scheuermann Kyphosis
Scheuermann kyphosis, or Scheurermann disease, generally begins in adolescents between 10 and 15 years of age, while bones are continuing to develop. This disease causes kyphosis as the vertebrae become deformed, taking on a wedge-like shape as opposed to a rectangular shape.This form of kyphosis is twice as likely to occur in boys than in girls.
Congenital Kyphosis
When the spinal column does not develop properly during fetal growth, kyphosis can be present at birth. In this form of kyphosis, vertebrae may fuse together and/or may not develop normally. Congenital kyphosis usually gets worse with age and can often lead to paraplegia, or lower body paralysis.
Hyper-Kyphosis
Hyper-kyphosis, or postural kyphosis is another type of kyphosis that develops during adolescence; however, this type is less common in boys than girls. Progression of hyper-kyphosis is generally slow, as it is caused when spinal ligaments stretch due to slouching from bad posture. Not all teens who slouch will develop kyphosis; in fact, most cases of hyper-kyphosis are reversible and do not cause permanent deformity.
Non-Surgical Treatment
Ultimately, kyphosis treatment depends on the cause and severity of curvature. Often strengthening exercises are enough to keep the body active and reduce progression. In some cases, back braces may be necessary to support the spine and prevent kyphosis from worsening.
Surgical Treatment
Surgery is generally recommended only for the worst forms of kyphosis, or in those where the curvature exceeds 75 degrees. Surgical procedures include anchoring hooks and/or screws into the vertebrae and attaching them to a rod which straightens the spine or even fusing vertebrae together to restrict a forward bend. In the most severe cases, a doctor may surgically release ligaments found along the front of the spine, which increases flexibility and range of spinal motion.
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